As the global vaccination effort against COVID-19 continues, it has become evident that vaccines are one of our most potent tools in combating the pandemic. The mRNA vaccines have proven highly effective and safe for most individuals. However, like all medical interventions, they are not without side effects. Some people have experienced adverse reactions to these vaccines, prompting questions about alternative options. Novavax, a protein subunit vaccine, has emerged as a potential alternative for those affected.

Understanding mRNA vaccine adverse reactions

Before delving into the potential benefits of Novavax as an alternative, it’s crucial to understand why some individuals experience adverse reactions to mRNA vaccines. Adverse reactions to vaccines, in general, may range from mild to severe, but most of the side effects reported with mRNA vaccines have been mild and transient, including pain at the injection site, fatigue, headache, and mild fever. However, some individuals have reported more pronounced side effects, such as severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) and myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle). These cases have raised concerns and prompted individuals with allergies or previous adverse reactions to vaccines to seek alternative vaccination options.

A protein subunit vaccine

Novavax, also known as NVX-CoV2373, represents an alternative approach to vaccination. Instead of using messenger RNA, Novavax employs a protein subunit strategy. Here’s how it differs:

Antigen source

The Novavax vaccine relies on a small piece of the spike protein found on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus as its antigen. This spike protein is produced in a lab, purified, and used to stimulate an immune response. In contrast, mRNA vaccines provide genetic instructions for cells to produce a synthetic spike protein.

Storage and distribution

One significant advantage of Novavax is its storage and distribution requirements. While mRNA vaccines require ultra-cold storage, Novavax is stored at standard refrigerator temperatures, making it more accessible in a wider range of settings.

Proven platform

Protein subunit vaccines like Novavax have a well-established track record in vaccine development. They have been used successfully in other vaccines, like hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines.

Adaptive capacity

Novavax has shown adaptability to new virus variants by incorporating the spike protein sequence from different variants into its vaccine. This adaptability could be a key advantage in the face of evolving viral strains.

Addressing allergic reactions

One of the primary concerns leading individuals to seek alternatives to mRNA vaccines is a history of allergies or a previous allergic reaction to the first dose of an mRNA vaccine. Severe allergic reactions to vaccines are extremely rare but could be life-threatening. Novavax, as a protein subunit vaccine, has shown a lower risk of severe allergic reactions when compared to mRNA vaccines. While no vaccine may be guaranteed entirely free of adverse reactions, Novavax’s approach may be less likely to trigger severe allergic responses. Additionally, Novavax’s healthcare-based trials have reported a favorable safety profile, with most side effects being mild to moderate and temporary. This suggests that Novavax is generally well-tolerated, making it a viable option for individuals concerned about allergic reactions.

Myocarditis and pericarditis concerns

Another concern associated with mRNA vaccines, particularly in younger age groups, is the risk of myocarditis (heart muscle inflammation) and pericarditis (inflammation of the lining around the heart). These conditions have been reported more frequently after mRNA vaccination, although the cases remain relatively rare. Novavax’s trials have not shown a significant association with myocarditis or pericarditis, possibly due to its different mechanism of action. This could make it a safer choice, especially for younger individuals who may be more concerned about these cardiac side effects.

Novavax administration

The Novavax COVID-19 vaccine typically involves a two-dose regimen. In healthcare trials and real-world usage, individuals typically receive an initial priming dose, followed by a booster shot a few weeks later, usually around 21 days apart. This two-dose schedule aims to stimulate a robust and long-lasting immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It’s important for individuals to follow the recommended dosing schedule to ensure maximum effectiveness and protection against COVID-19. As with all vaccines, any updates or changes in dosage recommendations should be consulted with healthcare professionals and local health authorities.

The importance of individualized risk assessment

While Novavax may offer advantages for those who have experienced adverse reactions to mRNA vaccines, it’s essential to emphasize that vaccination decisions should be individualized. Factors such as age, underlying medical conditions, and previous adverse reactions should be considered when choosing a vaccine. Individuals who have had severe allergic reactions to components of mRNA vaccines, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), or who have experienced myocarditis or pericarditis should consult their healthcare provider. A thorough risk assessment could help determine the most appropriate vaccination option.

It could be an additional vaccine option

Novavax’s COVID-19 vaccine uses more traditional technology. Therefore, officials at the FDA, CDC, and other health experts have noted that this is an additional option for the millions in the country who are in search of alternative vaccination options. Health professionals are hopeful that the addition may help assure people who were otherwise skeptical about COVID-19 vaccines. The Novavax COVID-19 vaccine also offers an option to people who may have an allergic reaction to mRNA vaccines.

The conclusion

Novavax, as a protein subunit vaccine, presents a promising alternative for individuals who have had adverse reactions to mRNA vaccines. Its different approach to antigen delivery, favorable safety profile, adaptability to variants, and lower risk of severe allergic reactions make it a viable option for those concerned about adverse events. However, vaccination decisions should always be made in consultation with healthcare professionals who may assess individual risk factors and provide personalized guidance. It’s crucial to weigh the potential risks and benefits of each vaccine option to make an informed choice that maximizes protection against dangerous respiratory viruses while minimizing the risk of adverse reactions. As the science evolves and more data becomes available, individuals could make well-informed decisions about their vaccination strategy, ultimately contributing to the global effort to end the COVID-19 pandemic.

Sources

1. https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-sets-apart-novavax-option-other-covid-19-vaccines#:~:text=Efficacy%20is%20promising-,Efficacy%20is%20promising,moderate%20or%20severe%20COVID%2D19
2. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/safety/allergic-reaction.html
3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8349442/
4. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/novavax/downloads/novavax-standing-orders.pdf
5. https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/novavax-covid-vaccine#:~:text=What%20are%20the%20side%20effects,nausea%2Fvomiting%2C%20and%20fever