Endometrial cancer, also known as uterine cancer, poses a substantial health risk to women around the world. This condition develops in the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium, causing symptoms like pelvic pain and pressure as the tumor grows. Here, understanding its causes, risks, symptoms, and prevention strategies is important for seeking timely treatment and care. This discussion can also help empower women with knowledge to make informed healthcare decisions.

Causes and risk factors
The development of endometrial often results from specific genetic mutations and hormonal imbalances. Here is a look at each factor in detail:

Hereditary factors: A family history of endometrial cancer can increase the risk of this condition. Further, specific genetic mutations, such as Lynch syndrome, increase the susceptibility to various cancers, including endometrial cancer.

Gene mutations: Alterations in genes like PTEN, which regulate cell growth, can cause a predisposition to endometrial cancer.

Excessive estrogen: Elevated estrogen levels, unopposed by enough progesterone, can lead to excessive endometrial growth, elevating cancer risk.

Age: While endometrial cancer can affect women of all ages, it is more prevalent in postmenopausal women, particularly those aged 50 and older.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): Women undergoing estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy (HRT) without progesterone face an increased risk of endometrial cancer. Combining estrogen and progesterone in HRT can help mitigate this risk.

Diabetes: Uncontrolled diabetes, especially type 2, is associated with a higher risk of endometrial cancer due to elevated blood sugar levels and hormonal imbalances.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): PCOS, a hormonal disorder causing irregular menstrual cycles and hormonal imbalances, increases the risk of endometrial cancer.

Reproductive factors: Here are a few reproduction-related risk factors:
– Women who have never been pregnant face a higher risk of endometrial cancer.
– Starting menopause after age 52 is linked to an increased risk of endometrial cancer.
– Early menstruation, especially before the age of 12, can increase the risk of this condition.
– Some studies suggest infertility and the use of fertility treatments may increase the risk of endometrial cancer.

Recognizing the abovementioned factors and lifestyle choices that increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer is essential for its prevention and early intervention.

Symptoms
Recognizing the symptoms of endometrial cancer is crucial for early diagnosis and timely intervention. It is important to keep an eye out for any of the following unusual changes in their health:

Abnormal vaginal bleeding: This is the most common symptom of endometrial cancer. It includes any irregularities in menstrual bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, unusually heavy periods, or bleeding after menopause. Postmenopausal bleeding, in particular, should be prompt medical intervention, as it is often a key warning sign of cancer.

Pelvic pain: Some women with the condition experience pelvic pain or discomfort. This pain may be persistent and can range from mild to severe. It is typically located in the lower abdomen and pelvis. While pelvic pain can result from various conditions, one should consult a healthcare professional if it is persistent or worsening.

Pelvic pressure: As cancer progresses, it may cause a feeling of pelvic pressure. This sensation can be uncomfortable and may be accompanied by a sense of fullness or bloating in the lower abdomen. It is essential not to dismiss persistent pelvic pressure and consult a healthcare provider for evaluation.

Changes in bowel or urinary habits: In some cases, cancer can grow large enough to exert pressure on neighboring organs like the rectum or bladder. This pressure can lead to changes in bowel or urinary habits. So, constipation, diarrhea, or changes in the frequency or urgency of urination could be common signs here.

Painful intercourse (dyspareunia): Endometrial cancer can cause discomfort or pain during sexual intercourse, a problem known as dyspareunia. This can develop due to physical changes in the pelvic region caused by the tumor.

Vaginal discharge: Some women with the condition may notice an abnormal vaginal discharge, which may be watery, bloody, or have an unpleasant odor. While vaginal discharge can have various causes, any unusual or persistent discharge should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.

Fatigue: Fatigue is a common symptom of many types of cancers, including endometrial cancer. It can develop as a result of the body’s response to the cancer, as well as changes in hormones and metabolism. Persistent fatigue should not be ignored and should be discussed with a healthcare provider.

Prevention strategies
Preventing endometrial cancer involves addressing risk factors and adopting lifestyle choices that promote overall health and well-being. Here are strategies for reducing the risk of developing this cancer:

Regular check-ups and screenings: Regular gynecological examinations and screenings are essential for the early detection of endometrial cancer. Women should discuss risk factors with healthcare providers and undergo recommended tests, such as Pap smears and endometrial biopsies.

Awareness of symptoms: Being vigilant about the common symptoms of endometrial cancer, especially abnormal vaginal bleeding, is crucial. Seeking prompt medical intervention for any concerning symptoms can lead to timely diagnosis and treatment.

Family history examination: If there is a family history of endometrial cancer or related cancers, considering genetic counseling and testing can help assess the risk more accurately.

Endometrial cancer is a health concern for women around the world, but understanding its causes, risks, symptoms, and prevention strategies empowers one to take proactive steps toward reducing their risk and ensuring early detection if required. Regular check-ups, symptom awareness, and genetic evaluation in cases of family history are crucial steps toward managing endometrial cancer. By staying informed and proactive, one can improve their overall well-being and potentially reduce the likelihood of developing this condition. If one notices any symptoms of the condition, they should seek medical intervention as soon as possible to get an early diagnosis and approrpiate treatment.