Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is a common heart rhythm disorder affecting millions worldwide. Understanding the causes and early signs of AFib is crucial for timely detection, intervention, and effective management. The subtle yet vital signs that indicate its presence can be mistaken as nothing serious or a symptom of some other health condition. By unraveling the mysteries behind AFib, it is essential to empower oneself with the knowledge that can lead to proactive heart health management and improved quality of life.

Causes of atrial fibrillation

Age
As one grows old, the risk of developing atrial fibrillation increases. The wear and tear on the heart’s electrical system over time can disrupt its normal rhythm and lead to AFib. Additionally, age-related conditions such as high blood pressure, heart disease, and underlying structural abnormalities can further predispose individuals to AFib.

High blood pressure
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a significant risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Persistent elevation in blood pressure can damage the heart’s electrical system and promote irregular heartbeats. Managing and controlling blood pressure through lifestyle modifications and appropriate healthcare interventions is crucial in reducing the risk of developing AFib.

Heart conditions and diseases
Various heart conditions and diseases can contribute to the development of atrial fibrillation. These include coronary artery disease, heart valve disorders, congenital heart defects, heart failure, and a history of heart surgery. Structural abnormalities or damage to the heart’s tissues can disrupt its electrical signals, leading to AFib.

Sleep apnea
Sleep apnea, a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep, is strongly linked to atrial fibrillation. The intermittent lack of oxygen during apnea episodes can trigger irregular heart rhythms. Treating sleep apnea with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy can help reduce the risk of AFib.

Chronic lung diseases
Individuals with chronic lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma, have an increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation. The impaired lung function and associated inflammation can contribute to AFib. Proper management of lung diseases is crucial in minimizing the risk of AFib.

Early signs of atrial fibrillation

Heart palpitations
One of the most common early signs of atrial fibrillation is a sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeats, known as heart palpitations. Individuals may feel as if their heart is fluttering, pounding, or racing in their chest. Pay attention to any unusual sensations and seek evaluation if palpitations persist or worsen.

Fatigue and weakness
Feeling unusually tired or experiencing persistent fatigue and weakness can be an early indication of atrial fibrillation. The irregular heart rhythm and inadequate blood flow to the body’s tissues can lead to reduced energy levels and overall fatigue. If it causes a decline in the patient’s stamina and makes it challenging to engage in routine activities, it could be time to seek attention.

Shortness of Breath
Atrial fibrillation can cause shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, especially during physical exertion or when lying flat. The irregular heart rhythm and compromised blood flow can lead to inadequate oxygen supply, resulting in breathlessness. If a patient experiences persistent episodes of shortness of breath, it is important to get it further evaluated.

Chest discomfort
Some individuals with atrial fibrillation may experience chest discomfort or a sensation of pressure or tightness in the chest. This discomfort may be intermittent or persistent, ranging from mild to severe.

Dizziness and lightheadedness
Atrial fibrillation can cause episodes of dizziness or lightheadedness. The irregular heart rhythm and compromised blood flow to the brain can result in feelings of instability or a sensation that the patient might faint. If an individual experiences frequent or recurring episodes of dizziness, it is important to speak to a doctor.

Exercise intolerance
Individuals with atrial fibrillation may notice a decreased tolerance for physical activity or exercise. The irregular heart rhythm and reduced blood flow can limit their ability to engage in strenuous activities. If an individual finds that they are becoming easily fatigued or unable to maintain the usual exercise routine, it is important to take the necessary steps and get their condition evaluated.

Anxiety and restlessness
Atrial fibrillation can lead to feelings of anxiety, restlessness, or unease. The irregular heartbeat and associated symptoms can cause emotional distress and contribute to a sense of uneasiness. If patients notice heightened anxiety or feelings of restlessness, it is important to address these concerns.

Fainting or loss of consciousness
Atrial fibrillation can cause loss of consciousness or fainting in some people. This is also known as syncope. This can be a result of the irregular heart rhythm that compromises the blood being supplied to the brain. If an individual experiences fainting spells or episodes of losing consciousness, it is crucial to seek immediate help. This may indicate a more severe form of AFib or some other underlying cardiac condition.

Fluttering sensation in the neck
Another symptom observed in individuals with AFib is a fluttering sensation in the neck. Like many other symptoms, this also results from the irregular heartbeats associated with the condition. It can be noticed when palpating the neck or touching it. These signs must be addressed at the earliest.

Increased urination
This condition can affect fluid balance in the body, leading to increased urine production. Some individuals may notice an increase in the frequency of urination or the volume of urine passed. This symptom may be more pronounced during episodes of AFib or when the heart rate is particularly fast.

Cognitive impairment
AFib can impact an individual’s cognitive functioning. Albeit not a common symptom, it is a recorded symptom of the condition. The reduced blood flow of the patient and the irregular heartbeat can contribute to increasing issues with cognitive functioning. It can cause changes in the individual’s concentration, memories, and alertness. If any changes pertaining to the patient’s cognitive condition are noticed, it is important to speak to a healthcare provider and determine the cause and management plan.

Stroke
Atrial fibrillation significantly increases the risk of stroke. Irregular blood flow and blood pooling in the atria can often cause blood clots to form. These blood clots carry the risk of traveling to the brain or blocking its blood flow. Changes in blood flow to the brain and the presence of blood clots increase the risk of an individual having a stroke. Individuals with AFib must work closely with their healthcare providers to manage their condition and minimize the risk of stroke.